Polymyxin B
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Cat.code:
tlrl-pmb
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ABOUT
LPS-induced TLR4 activation inhibitor
Polymyxin B is a cyclic cationic polypeptide antibiotic produced by the soil bacterium Paenibacillus polymixa. It inhibits LPS-induced Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation [1]. TLR4 is a pattern recognition receptor that primarily recognizes and is activated by a core component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Mode of action:
Polymyxin B blocks the biological effects of Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through binding to lipid A, the toxic component of LPS, which is negatively charged [1-3].
The neutralizing effect of polymyxin B on LPS is dose-related and specific for LPS [4]. Polymyxin B is widely used to eliminate the effects of endotoxin contamination, both in vitro and in vivo.
Key features:
- LPS-induced TLR4 activation inhibitor
- InvitroFit™ grade: each lot is functionally tested
References:
1. Goode A. et al., 2021. Interactions of polymyxin B with lipopolysaccharide-containing membranes.Faraday Discuss. 232(0):317-329.
2. Velkov T. et al., 2013. Pharmacology of polymyxins: new insights into an ‘old’ class of antibiotics. Future Microbiol. 8(6):711-24.
3. Alipour M. et al., 2008. Antimicrobial effectiveness of liposomal polymyxin B against resistant Gram-negative bacterial strains. Int J Pharm. 355(1-2):293-8.
4. Trimble M.J. et al., 2016. Polymyxin: Alternative Mechanisms of Action and Resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 6(10):a025288.
All products are for research use only, and not for human or veterinary use.
InvitroFit™
InvitroFit™ is a high-quality standard specifically adapted for in vitro studies of inhibitors. InvitroFit™ products are highly pure (≥95%) and guaranteed free of bacterial contamination, as confirmed using HEK Blue™ TLR2 and HEK Blue™ TLR4 cellular assays. Each lot is rigorously tested for functional activity using validated (or proprietary) cellular models. This grade ensures reliability and reproducibility for your research applications.
SPECIFICATIONS
Specifications
C56H100N16017S
50 mg/ml in water
10-100 μg/ml for cell culture assays
Negative (tested using EndotoxDetect™ assay)
In vitro cellular assays
Each lot is functionally tested and validated using cellular assays.
CONTENTS
Contents
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Product:Polymyxin B
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Cat code:tlrl-pmb
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Quantity:100 mg
Shipping & Storage
- Shipping method: Room temperature
- 4°C
Storage:
Details
Toll-like receptor 4
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was the first TLR identified and is an important pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in innate immunity and inflammation. TLR4 is found both on the cell surface and in endosomes of innate immune cells including monocytes and macrophages, as well as on intestinal epithelium and endothelial cells [1]. TLR4 primarily recognizes and is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its toxic moiety Lipid A, a core component of Gram-negative bacteria [2]. TLR4 does not directly interact with LPS and requires essential co-receptors, namely lipid-binding protein (LBP), MD-2, and CD14, to extract and deliver monomeric LPS to TLR4 [3]. There are two distinct signaling cascades triggered by the dimerization of TLR4; the MyD88-dependent (at the cell surface) and TRIF-dependent (in endosomes) pathways. At the cell surface, activation of TLR4 initiates the MyD88-dependent pathway, ultimately leading to the ‘early’ activation of NF-κB and the production of a pro-inflammatory response [3]. Subsequently, the TLR4 complex can be endocytosed into endosomes and result in the ‘late’ activation of NF-κB as well as the stimulation of IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor), which modulates the expression of type I IFNs [4]. TLR4 signaling is crucial in both acute and chronic inflammatory disorders and is thus an attractive target for novel treatments for conditions such as sepsis and cancer [1].
References:
1. Ou, T. et al. 2018. The Pathologic Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Prostate Cancer. Front Immunol 9, 1188.
2. Cochet, F. et al. 2017. The Role of Carbohydrates in the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 18
3. Kuzmich, N.N. et al. 2017. TLR4 Signaling Pathway Modulators as Potential Therapeutics in Inflammation and Sepsis. Vaccines (Basel) 5.
4. Marongiu, L. et al. 2019. Below the surface: The inner lives of TLR4 and TLR9. J Leukoc Biol 106, 147-160.
Chemical structure of Polymyxin B
DOCUMENTS
Documents
Safety Data Sheet
Technical Data Sheet
Validation Data Sheet
Certificate of analysis
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