Human PD-1 (CD279) Antibody - Pembrolizumab Biosimilar

Anti-human PD-1 - Pembrolizumab biosimilar - CAS #1374853-91-4

Principle of PD-1/PD-L1 cellular assay
(click to enlarge)

Anti-hPD1-Pem-hIgG4 (S228P) is a biosimilar antibody of Pembrolizumab, a therapeutic antibody targeting the human programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor. This humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb)  binds and blocks the activation of the PD-1 receptor, thereby resulting in the activation of T cells and cell-mediated immune responses. Pembrolizumab is FDA-approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

 More details

Anti-hPD1-Pem-hIgG4 (S228P) comprises the variable region of Pembrolizumab and the IgG4 (S228P) constant region of Pembrolizumab for low/no effector functions.

This antibody can be used together with the cellular PD-1/PD-L1 assay (Bio-IC™) for screening and antagonist assays to disrupt the inhibitory interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1.

Key features

• Each lot is functionally tested and validated
• The complete sequence of the antibody construct has been verified
• Absence of endotoxins determined by the EndotoxDetect assay

InvivoGen’s products are for research use only, and not for clinical or veterinary use.

Figures

Binding of  Anti-hPD1-Pem-hIgG4 (S228P) mAb to hPD-1. EL4-hPD-1 cells were incubated for 30 minutes at 4°C with 125 ng of Anti-hPD1-Pem-hIgG4 (S228P) or an isotype control. Subsequently, a secondary PE-labeled antibody was added and incubated at 4°C for 30 minutes. The binding affinity was assessed using flow cytometry.

Specifications

Application: Cellular assay, ELISA, flow cytometry, Fc interaction studies

Isotype:  Human IgG4 (S228P), kappa

Recommended isotype control: Human IgG4 (S228P)

Target: Human PD-1

Species reactivity: Human

Clone: Pembrolizumab, MK-3475, lambrolizumab

Cas number: 1374853-91-4

Sterility: 0.2 µm filtration

Source: CHO cells 

Production: Animal-free

Purification: Protein A

Molecular weight: 146.7 kDa

Physical form: Lyophilized

Formulation buffer: Sodium phosphate buffer with glycine, saccharose, and stabilizing agents

Preservative: Azide-free

Reconstitution buffer: Sterile water (not provided)

Purity: ≥ 95 %

Quality control: Each lot is functionally tested and validated

Contents

Anti-hPD1-Pem-hIgG4 (S228P) purified monoclonal antibody is provided azide-free and lyophilized. It is available in two quantities:

• hpd1pe-mab14: 100 µg
• hpd1pe-mab14-1: 1 mg

 The product is shipped at room temperature.

 Upon receipt, store at -20°C.

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Details

Pembrolizumab background

Pembrolizumab is a humanized IgG4 (S228P) antibody that targets the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor found on activated T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells [1]. Under normal physiological conditions, PD-1 negatively regulates T cell activation, preventing autoimmunity. Under pathological conditions, cancer cells produce PD-L1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1), the agonist that binds and activates PD-1 [2]. Activated PD-1 enables cancer cells to evade the immune system. Pembrolizumab binds and inhibits the PD-1 receptor, thereby resulting in the activation of T cells. This therapeutic mAb contains an engineered hinge region mutation (S228P) designed to prevent the exchange of IgG4 molecules. Pembrolizumab is approved by the FDA and the EU for the treatment of a variety of cancer types, including non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and gastric cancer [3].

T Cell Activation 

The activation of T lymphocytes initiates their proliferation and yields a variety of effector functions that allow for combating microbial infections, as well as developing tumors. The current paradigm is that full activation of T cells requires at least 2 signals upon contact with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) [4,5].

Signal 1 is delivered through the interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) and a specific antigenic peptide associated with an MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecule on APCs. Signal 2 is delivered through the interaction of CD28, the prototypical T cell co-stimulatory molecule, and its ligands, CD80 or CD86, expressed by the APC. However, several other molecules, named immune checkpoints (IC), have been reported to regulate the onset and the limitations of T cell activities. PD-1 (programmed cell death 1) receptor and its ligand, PD-L1, are among the best-characterized suppressive immune checkpoints [6].

• Signal 1: TCR and [HLA::peptide]
  

The 'classical' and most represented TCR is an 80 to 90 kDa heterodimer composed of one α chain and one β chain. The αβTCR is a transmembrane protein expressed by developing and mature T cells. It features an extracellular ligand-binding pocket and a short cytoplasmic tail. Each αβTCR is restricted to a specific complex made of an antigenic peptide and a class I or class II MHC molecule. Human MHC molecules are also known as HLA (human leukocyte antigen). Because of its short cytoplasmic tail, the TCR, once engaged,  lacks the ability to signal and requires non-covalent association with the CD3 to trigger downstream intracellular signaling and T cell activation [4, 5]. Importantly, signal 1 without co-stimulation results in T cell unresponsiveness or 'anergy', a tolerance mechanism that guards against premature activation.

• Signal 2: CD28 and CD80/86
  

CD28 is a homodimeric and transmembrane protein expressed by T cells. Nearly all human CD4+ T cells and 50% of human CD8+ T cells express CD28. The CD28 interaction with CD80 (aka B7-1) or CD86 (aka B7-2) on APCs, in conjunction with TCR engagement, triggers a co-stimulation signal (signal 2). It results in T cell proliferation, cytokine production, cell survival, and cellular metabolism [4, 5].

Immune Checkpoint signal: PD-1 and PD-L1

— PD-1 (programmed cell death 1; also known as CD279) is a type I transmembrane protein expressed at the cell surface of activated and exhausted conventional T cells. PD-1 is an inhibitory immune checkpoint that prevents T-cell overstimulation and host damage. PD-1 interaction with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 induces inhibition of TCR signaling [6].

— PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1; also known as CD274 or B7-H1) is a transmembrane protein expressed at the cell surface of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells and is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as in the tumor microenvironment  [6].  PD-L1 is one ligand for PD-1, an inhibitory immune checkpoint receptor that is expressed by activated and exhausted T cells. PD-1:PD-L1 interaction induces inhibition of TCR signaling, thereby preventing T-cell overstimulation and host damage [6].

References:

1. McDermott D. & Atkins M., 2013. PD-1 as a potential target in cancer therapy. Cancer Med. 2: 662–73.
2. Tumeh PC. et al., 2014. PD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance. Nature. 515(7528):568-71.
3. FDA website accessed in Dec 2024: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/125514s096lbl.pdf
4. Budd R.C. & Fortner K.A., 2017. Chapter 12 - T Lymphocytes. Kelley and Firestein's Textbook of Rheumatology (Tenth Edition). pages 189-206.
5. Smith-Garvin J.E. et al., 2009. T Cell Activation. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 27:591-619.
6. Ribas A. and Wolchock J.D., 2018. Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade. Science. 359:1350-55.